Which of the following is NOT listed as a typical actor beyond sovereign states in cross-border cooperation?

• A. Regional organizations
• B. International NGOs
• C. Local authorities
• D. Military bases

Answer: (D)

In cross-border cooperation, the focus is on actors that operate across borders beyond the states themselves. Regional organizations, international NGOs, and local authorities are all typical players that can engage in joint projects, policy coordination, and service delivery across national lines. They bring organizational structures, resources, and mandates that extend beyond a single country, enabling cooperation on shared challenges like trade, environment, or security. Military bases, by contrast, are facilities owned and controlled by sovereign states and serve primarily national defense purposes. They don’t function as independent participants in cross-border cooperation, so they aren’t typically listed as actors beyond sovereign states.